Medical Sciences Database

	Medical Sciences Database - Medicines

	Star Trek has been the popularity juggernaut for almost 40 years now... come to think of it, that's pretty darn amazing. Can you imagine any other genre or program other than James Bond and Doctor Who to survive that long? Anyhow, enough oohing and aahing. Nothing comes close to the generational popularity of an imaginary future as presented by Star Trek. There have been so many medicines mentioned over the years, to put them all here would be insane! So, I'm only going to list the more popular ones used over the years. This by no means does it limit the use of the medicines. So long as they are approved by the Chief Medical Officer, feel free to make up others as you see fit. There are also plenty of websites that list others. I've put these here to reference for a quick fix if you're stuck in a storyline.

	Medicines - Stimulants
	ADTH	A substance which may be pumped through the life support systems of a starship as a fast-acting stimulant. Lieutenant Commander Data used ADTH in the airflow at 5 parts per million to revive the remaining crew from the stun effect of the Paxans' fake wormhole ("Clues" [TNG]).
	Animazine	Animazine was used in 2374 on board the starship Voyager to prevent crew members from falling prey to the neurogenic field generated by the dream species, although, like any such medication, its effectiveness was limited. ("TWaking Moments" [VOY])
	Chloromydride	A cardio-stimulatory drug used where Inaprovaline is ineffective or may cause allergic reactions. It is usually used in concert with cardial and neural stimulators for additional benefits ("Ethics" [TNG]).
	Cordafin	Pharmaceutical. Cadet Tim Watters abused cordafin in 2374 while serving as captain of the U.S.S. Valiant, possibly contributing to errors in judgment that led to the death of his crew and the destruction of the spacecraft. ("Valiant" [DS9])
	Cordrazine	A powerful stimulant that will usually revive a stunned or unconscious patient completely. Cordrazine is "tricky stuff" - overdose can lead to delusional paranoia, and the drug is addictive.
	Delactovine	A common stimulant with few side effects. It is mildly addictive.
	Formazine	A common stimulant that can cause irritability with prolonged use (more than three days). Otherwise, it has the same effects as Delactovine.
	Hyperzine	Cardiac stimulant. Dr. Julian Bashir ordered hyperzine when Garak suffered a cardiac arrest due to the stress related to the cranial implant in 2370. ("The Wire" [DS9])
	Inaprovaline	A stimulant commonly used in Starfleet. Dr. Crusher injected it by hypospray at Worf's neck at the first sign of problems after his post-operative release from life support in 2368; a fluctuation in his isocortex was met with a 20 cc dose, then 40 cc and finally 75 cc before she switched to 15 cc of chlormydride. In 2366, Crusher ordered 60 cc along with cardiostimulation as among the first treatments for the badly wounded "John Doe" to help raise his autonomic response. The same dose was given to Captain Picard when his cardial implant was fused; a 20-cc dose was given to Dr. Reyga in vain after his sabotaged metaphasic shield test.
	Masiform D	Powerful injectable stimulant.
	Netinaline	Pharmaceutical stimulant. Used to waken a patient from unconsciousness. ("Emanations" [VOY])
	Stokaline	Used to revive an unconscious or stunned patient. Extended use decreases its effectiveness. Medication given to Spock after he put himself into a deep trance in an attempt to regain control of the Enterprise from the Kelvans in 2268 ("By Any Other Name..." [TOS]).
	Tricordrazine	A refined version of Cordrazine that lacks the delusional paranoia side effects, but will not revive as well. It is still addictive. Tricordrazine treatment was successfully used by Dr. Pulaski to stimulate neural activity in Commander Riker when he had suffered neural injury on an away mission on the planet Surata IV. ("Shades of Grey" [TNG]) Tricordrazine was based on cordrazine, the drug that sent McCoy on a paranoid flight in ("The City on the Edge of Forever" [TOS])

	Medicines - Burns
	Dermalplast	Medical preparation used to treat chemical burns.("Demon" [VOY]")
	Dermoline Gel	Medicinal material used in the treatment of burns. ("Deadlock" [VOY]")
	Kelotane	Medical drug used to treat radiation burns and sickness. ("State of Flux" [VOY])

	Medicines - Narcotics
	Felicium	A narcotic substance produced from plants on the planet Brekka. Felicium has other medicinal properties, and was used, centuries ago, to cure a deadly plague on neighboring planet Ornara. Once the plague was ended, all the people on Ornara were addicted to the drug, and the people of Brekka continued to provide it, for a significant price. ("Symbiosis" [TNG])
	Ketracel White	An addictive isogenic enzyme also known simply as white, a drug used by the Dominion to control the Jem'Hadar. Absence of regular white dosage resulted in severe withdrawal symptoms, including anxiety and severely violent behavior.
	Rhuludian Crystals	Induces a narcotic effect made from dried and ground herbs ("Fair Trade" [VOY]).
	Maraji Crystals	Controlled substance that was illegal to possess or sell in the Cardassian Union. Captain Livara, a Romulan spy who posed as a Talavian smuggler, visited Terok Nor in 2367 and tried to interest Quark in some maraji crystals ("Things Past" [DS9]).

	Medicines - Poisons
	Cytotoxin	Biochemical substance, a poisonous byproduct of cellular metabolism. Excessive levels of cytotoxins can lead to cytotoxic shock ("Nothing Human" [VOY]).
	Cyalodin	The adult members of the Starnes Expedition used cyalodin in their mass suicide on planet Triacus in 2268. It kills with great pain and leaves the victim with blue splotches ("And the Children Shall Lead" [TOS]).
	Dylamadon	Drug used in euthanasia for humanoid patients (Man of the People" [TNG]).
	Nogatch Hemlock	Substance poisonous to humans. In 2372 there was no known cure for Nogatch Hemlock poisoning ("Death Wish" [VOY]).
	Strychnine	A Terran alkaloid poison that acts as a stimulant for the central nervous system, caused death ("Ship in a Bottle" [TNG]).
	Tricyanate	Naturally occurring. A toxic, inorganic substance which forms pink crystals. Difficult and expensive to synthesize. Decontamination of tricyanate requires the highly volatile hytritium.
	Veridium Six	A slow-acting, cumulative poison that has no antidote.
	Voraxna	Dukat sent a bottle of kanar, laced with enough of this to kill a dozen Cardassians, to Ghemor's quarters. The bottle was intercepted; Sisko offered a glass to Dukat and Weyoun. Dukat refused, but Weyoun cheerfully gulped it down. ("Ties of Blood and Water" [DS9])

	Medicines - Restorative
	Analeptic	The Malon use analeptic compound injections to counter the freighter blight, but while the treatment keeps them alive it does not prevent skin scarring ("Rise" [VOY]).
	Netinaline	Used to waken a patient from unconsciousness. Stimulant used in a 2-cc dose when reviving the Vhnori Ptera from her "afterlife" ("Emanations" [VOY]).

	Medicine - Pain Relievers
	Asinolyathin	This substance is used as a pain-killer for muscle spasms ("Visionary" [DS9]).
	Hydrocortilene	Analgesic medicine used to alleviate pain, such as headaches ("The Swarm" [VOY]).
	Morphenolog	Used to ease pain and stop convulsions. Used by Doctor Bashir in a 2-cc dose when Bareil lashed out violent pain as his left parietal lobe suffered damage from the ongoing Vasokil treatments ("Life Support" [DS9]).
	Neuroelectrical Suppressors	Medical instrument used to suppress pain. The device that Verad preferred over the delta wave inducer ("Invasive Procedures" [DS9]).
	Terakine	Analgesic medication. Terakine was administered to Commander William Riker following an accident in bat'leth practice where he fractured a rib ("The Pegasus" [TNG]).
	Triptacedrin	A narcotic used to relieve pain. It is noted that 30cc's would anesthetize an Algorian Mammoth, but it hardly dents the Cardassian physiology.

	Medicine - Sedatives
	Anesthezine	This is an inhalant (gas) that can be used as a general anesthetic, but is more often used by Security as an intruder control measure. A concentration of 70 parts per million is more than enough to render humanoids unconscious. It has also been used as a crowd control agent and to subdue dangerous persons ("The Hunted" [TNG]).
	Improvoline	Medicine used as a calmative. Not to be confused with inaprovaline, which is a cardio-stimulant. ("Basics, Part II" [VOY]).
	Kayolane	This pharmaceutical causes immediate unconsciousness and the patient will remain asleep for 1-6 hours. Artificially generated by aliens. Beverly Crusher inoculates Leijten with kayolane after the latter's blood chemistry changes and after she exhibits strange behavior ("Identity Crisis" [TNG]).
	Melorazine	This pharmaceutical causes immediate unconsciousness. The patient will remain asleep for 3-8 hours ("Man of the People" [TNG]).
	Merfadon	A Cardassian sedative given to Kira by Silaran Prin, but counteracted by the makara herbs she had taken ("The Darkness and the Light" [DS9]).
	Hyvroxilated Quint-ethyl Metacetamine	Quark tried to use some of the stuff to drug Dr. Julian Bashir in an effort to "fix" a racquetball match between Bashir and Miles O'Brien in 2370 ("Rivals" [DS9]).

	Medicine - Anesthetics
	Anesthezine	This is an inhalant (gas) that can be used as a general anesthetic, but is more often used by Security as an intruder control measure. A concentration of 70 parts per million is more than enough to render humanoids unconscious. It has also been used as a crowd control agent and to subdue dangerous persons ("The Hunted" [TNG]).
	Axonol	Axonol was among the emergency crowd control anesthetics on board the starship Prometheus. Aerosol-based ("Message in a Bottle" [VOY]).
	Neurozine	Neurozine was among the emergency crowd-control anesthetics on board the Prometheus and was used to incapacitate Romulans who had commandeered the ship in 2374. Aerosol-based ("Message in a Bottle" [VOY]).

	Medicine - Cardiacs
	Benjisidrine	An anti-arrhythmic used to regulate some heart conditions. Vulcan physicians prescribed benjisidrine for treatment of Ambassador Sarek's heart condition ("Journey to Babel" [TOS]).
	Hyperzine	Stimulant used in Starfleet practice that was administered in at least two 20cc doses for Garak's seizures in 2370 when his shut-down cranial implant stopped triggering the endorphin flow that his body had grown dependent on ("The Wire" [DS9]).
	Impedrezene	Cardiac medication used to follow up use of an osteogenic stimulator ("Alliances", "Investigations" [VOY]).
	Inaprovaline	Cardiostimulatory pharmaceutical in use by Starfleet medical personnel. Dr. Beverly Crusher ordered inaprovaline to the Zalkonian named John Doe to help stabilize his condition. ("Transfigurations" [TNG]). Usually administered intravenously by hypospray. ("Ethics" [TNG]). In 2371, Dr. Julian Bashir administered inaprovaline to his patient Vedek Bareil in the course of his treatment for radiation-induced injuries. ("Life Support" [DS9]). In high doses, inaprovaline can also be used to stimulate cell regeneration. ("Lifesigns" [VOY]).
	Lectrazine	Lectrazine was used to stabilize cavdiovascular and renal systems in humanoid patients. ("Lifesigns" [VGR], "Sacred Ground" [VGR], "Warlord" [VGR]).
	Metabolic Reduction Injection	Henoch synthesized a metabolic reduction compound so that Kirk, Spock, and Dr. Ann Mulhall's bodies could carry the intellects of Sargon, Henoch, and Thalassa. The drug reduced heart rate and all bodily functions to normal, allowing the three to occupy the humanoid bodies without permanent damage to those bodies. Henoch secretly prepared a different compound for Sargon in an attempt to destroy his ancient enemy. ("Return to Tomorrow" [TOS]).
	Metrazene	Cardiac antiarrhythmic medication, used aboard the Enterprise-D. ("The Host" [TNG]).

	Medicine - Resuscitative
	Borathium	An experimental rybotherapy medication developed by Dr. Toby Russell as a potential replacement for leporazine and morathial. The drug was still in an experimental stage in 2368 when Russell used it unsuccessfully to treat a crash victim from the transport ship Denver. Dr. Beverly Crusher believed that Russell's use of borathium in that case was a violation of medical ethics, since conventional leporazine therapy might have been effective. ("Ethics" [TNG]).
	Cortolin	Used on station Deep Space 9.Used to treat a wound inflicted by a compressor beam weapon ("Necessary Evil" [DS9]).
	Leporazine	A resuscitative drug; used aboard Federation starships. ("Ethics" [TNG]).
	Morathial Series	A drug used to treat neural metaphasic shock when a patient's blood pressure is too low to use the standard remedy, leporazine. But Dr. Russell assumed a severely injured U.S.S. Denver survivor in triage aboard the U.S.S. Enterprise was a lost cause and tried borathium, her new rybo-therapy -- incensing Dr. Crusher when the patient inevitably died ("Ethics" [TNG]).

	Medicine - Respiratory
	Dexaline	Useful in treatment of oxygen deprivation and life support systems failure. Dr. Crusher used an unspecified dosage of this drug on two J'naii survivors of the lost shuttle Taris Murn ("The Outcast" [TNG]).
	Pulmozine	Pharmaceutical used to stimulate breathing in a patient having respiratory difficulties. ("Favorite Son" [VOY]). Administered to treat conditions caused by inhalation of noxious fumes. ("Basics, Part I" [VOY]).
	Tri-Ox Compound	Medication used to help a humanoid patient breathe more easily in a thin or oxygen-deprived atmosphere. When Kirk faced hand-to-hand combat with Spock on Vulcan in 2267, McCoy said he would administer tri-ox to Kirk to help him compensate for the thin Vulcan atmosphere. However, McCoy gave Kirk a neural paralyzer. ("Amok Time" [TOS]). McCoy also administered tri-ox in "The Tholian Web" (TOS). Lieutenant Tuvok administered a tri-ox compound in 2373 to the passengers of an orbital tether carriage. ("Rise" [VOY]).

	Medicine - Alien
	Benzocyatizine	Medication used to adjust the levels of isoboramine in joined Trill. A benzocyatic regimen generally involves frequent doses of benzocyatizine. ("Equilibrium" [DS9]).
	Desegranine	A Cardassian (Obsidian Order) drug used to reverse memory loss and/or allow blocked memories to resurface ("Second Skin" [DS9]).
	Deuridium	Rare substance used by the Kobliad people to stabilize their cell structures to prolong their lives. A shipment of deuridium from the Gamma Quadrant was delivered to Deep Space 9 in 2369. ("The Passenger" [DS9]).
	Makara Herb	Bajoran herbs, recommended during pregnancy; they help maintain progesterone levels, though they taste horrible. They also act as a counteragent against sedatives ("Looking for par'Mach in All the Wrong Places", "The Darkness and the Light" [DS9]).

	Medicines - Cures to Illness
	Hexadrin	Medication used in the treatment of Yarim Fel syndrome ("Ties of Blood and Water" [DS9]).
	Peridaxon	Palliative treatment for Irumodic Syndrome ("All Good Things..." [TNG]).
	Ryetalyn	Mineral substance needed to cure the deadly disease, Rigelian fever, that infected the crew of the Enterprise in 2269. A deposit of ryetalyn was found on a small planetoid in the Omega system which belonged to the very ancient humanoid named Flint ("Requiem for Methuselah" [TOS]).

	Medicines - Soldiers
	Cryptobiolin	Artificially generated by aliens. An alien equivalent of steroids. During a checkup on Roga Danar, Beverly discovered high levels of cryptobiolin and other drugs in Danar's body ("The Hunted" [TNG]).
	Macrospentol	One of several chemicals used by the Angosians during the Tarsian War to improve their soldiers, making them more effective in combat. Unfortunately, the effects of many of these drugs were irreversible ("The Hunted" [TNG]).
	Triclenidil	One of several chemicals used by the Angosians to "improve" their "super soldiers" ("The Hunted" [TNG]).

	Medicines - Miscellaneous
	Acetycholine	Biochemical substance, a neuro-transmitter that promotes the propagation of electrical impulses from one nerve cell to another in carbon-based life. Julian Bashir used a medication designed to increase acetylcholine absorption to increase Melora's tensile muscular strength, thus enabling her to walk ("Melora" [DS9]). Increased amounts of acetylcholine in Harry Kim's nervous system caused him (and others in the prison camp) to exhibit erratic behaviour ("The Chute" [VOY]).
	Anetrizine	Pharmaceutical used to anesthetize cranial nerves, such as when Voyager's EMH treated Seven of Nine. Sometimes given to patients in the throws of hallucination to give them more control over their fantasies("The Gift" [VOY]).
	Alizine	Used to counter an allergic reaction ("Darkling" [VOY]).
	Anticoagulant	Chemical that prevents the clotting of blood. Jem'Hadar weapons are designed to leave anticoagulants in the wounds they cause so that even grazing hits can result in massive blood loss ("Change of Heart" [DS9]).
	Anti intoxicant	Medicine taken to allow one to drink alcoholic beverages without becoming inebriated ("Apocalyse Rising" [DS9]).
	Antipsychotic	Psychotropic pharmaceutical used to reduce psychotic tendencies in sentient humanoid patients ("One" [VOY]).
	Arithrazine	Powerful pharmaceutical used to treat theta radiation poisoning. Starfleet regulations stipulate that a physician must be present whenever arithrazine is administered. In her preparations for executing the Omega Directive on stardate 51781, Captain Janeway required 20 milligrams of arithrazine to inoculate against theta radiation. ("The Omega Directive" [VOY])
	Cateline	Cateline simulates aphylactic shock. ("Darkling" [VOY]).
	Cervaline	Antirejection drug. In 2372, the Emergency Medical Hologram ordered cervaline to be administered to Danara Pel to fend off rejection of Klingon tissue implanted into her brain. ("Lifesigns" [VOY]).
	Corophizine	Antibiotic. Corophizine was prescribed to Miles O'Brien to prevent secondary infection when he was critically ill due to the aphasia virus in 2369. ("Babel "[DS9]).
	Cortical Analeptic	Pharmaceutical used to reinvigorate the tissues of the cerebral cortex. ("The Swarm" [VOY]).
	Deoxyribose Suspension	A fluid derived from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). J'Dan used deoxyribose suspensions to encode stolen Enterprise-D schematics into amino acid sequences, and injected them into his bloodstream, making his body an undetectable carrier of the secret information ("The Drumhead" [TNG]).
	Dermatiraelian Plastiscine	Medication used to maintain the effects of cosmetic surgery. Aamin Marritza took it for five years after altering his face to that of Gul Darhe'el. ("Duet" [DS9]).
	Genetic Resequencing Vector	Medical suspension formulated to shut down Borg nanoprobes as they emerge from dormancy ("The Raven" [VOY]).
	Glucajen	Pharmaceutical used on Earth in the 21st century as a treatment for hypoglycemia. ("Past Tense, Part II" [DS9]).
	Hyronalin	The standard treatment for radiation since the late 2100s. Even so, it was discarded in a special case whe Dr. Leonard McCoy discovered a cure for a hyerpaging syndrome on Gamma Hydra IV in 2267. In 2368, the drug was replicated to treat expected radiation illnesses on Gamelan V, and was pumped through the shipboard ventilation system of the U.S.S. Enterprise itself when radiation levels rose while towing a leaky, radioactive garbage scow. Even then, at the rate of radiation increase, it was effective for less than an hour. Later that year, up to four hours of radiation from a cargo bay plasma fire after the Enterprise's quantum filament collision caused only temporary physical damage but still required a few days of hyronalin treatments for those affected ("Final Mission").
	Immuno Suppressant	Any of several pharmaceuticals designed to limit immune response in humanoids. Dr. Crusher used immunosuppressants in 2367 to help William Riker successfully carry the Trill symbiote, Ambassador Odan, within his body ("The Host" [TNG]).
	Intraspinal inhibitor	Intraspinal inhibitor induces paralysis. ("Darkling" [VOY]).
	Kironide	Artificially generated by aliens. Induces telekinetic powers. Platonians used it to hold Enterprise crew captive and force them to perform for their amusement. McCoy synthesized the chemical so crew could escape ("Plato's Stepchildren" [TOS]).
	Lexorin	A neurotransmitter inhibitor. This drug temporarily diminishes intelligence, but each dose also makes psychic and psionic intrusions harder. Lexorin can also calm excited or agitated patients. In greater dosages than 3 in 24 hours, the patient also begins to lose manual dexterity, as the Central Nervous System begins to lose control of voluntary functions. Lexorin is mildly addictive, and causes the patient to feel overconfident and happy.
	Metorapan Treatments	Regenerative treatment for fracture patients. Wesley Crusher was allergic to metorapan. ("The First Duty" [TNG]).
	Neodextraline Solution	Liquid medication administered intravenously for the treatment of severe dehydration. ("Ex Post Facto" [VOY]).
	Neural Paralyzer	Medication that can cause a cessation of heartbeat and breathing in a humanoid patient, creating the appearance of death. If such a patient receives medical treatment in time, a full recovery is possible. McCoy injected Kirk with neural paralyzer during Spock's Pon Farr in 2267, making it possible for Spock to win his fight with Kirk without actually killing his commanding officer. ("Amok Time" [TOS]).
	Norepinephrine	Hormone produced by the adrenal glands. Norepinephrine is chemically similar to adrenaline and is used medicinally to treat shock. ("The Thaw" [VOY]).
	Ovarian Resequencing Enzymes	Complex organic compounds used in a medical fertility treatment. In 2374, Dr. Julian Bashir used ovarian resequencing enzyme therapy to make it possible for Jadzia Dax and Worf to have a child ("Tears of the Prophets" [DS9]).
	Psilosynine	Neurotransmitter chemical used for telepathy by the brains of telepathic species, such as Betazoids. While working with the Cairn diplomatic delegation in 2370, the telepathic demands on Ambassador Lwaxana Troi were so great that her psilosynine level was depleted. ("Dark Page" [TNG]) U.S.S. Enterprise - D Chief Medical Officer Beverly Crusher manufactured a psilosynine inhibitor for Deanna Troi in 2370 during her investigation into Daniel Kwan's death. The inhibitor lessened the number of telepathic images Deanna received. ("Eye of the Beholder" [TNG]). The drug was given to Troi during her prolonged hallucination in that episode. It may or may not "really" exist.
	Psychotropic Drug	A Cardassian drug used to improve their soldiers by enhancing their natural xenophobic fears ("Empok Nor" [DS9]).
	Polyadrenaline	Synthetic pharmaceutical based on the humanoid hormone epinephrine. ("Ethics" [TNG]).
	Polynutrient Solution	Restorative formula given to patients suffering from malnutrition. ("The Ascent" [DS9]).
	Quadroline	An emergency drug used on planet Malcor III. ("First Contact" [TNG]).
	Retinax V	Medication sometimes prescribed to nearsighted patients in the 23rd century ([STII:TWOK]).
	Retroviral Vaccine	Attenuated retroviral compounds, used for preventative inoculation. These vaccines can be combined with other components to create a biogenic weapon. ("Preemptive Strike" [TNG]).
	Serotonin	Biochemical substance that serves as a central neurotransmitter in humanoid nervous systems. The addictive Ktaran game initiated a serotonin cascade in the frontal lobe of the brain. ("The Game" [TNG]).
	Stenophyl	Powerful anti-allergen. Primary treatment of Anaphlyactic Shock ("Nothing Human" [VOY]).
	Tesokine	Pharmaceutical. Dr. Julian Bashir gave Kira Nerys tesokine in 2372 so that the O'Briens' baby that she carried could metabolize Bajoran nutrients. ("Body Parts" [DS9]).
	Theragen	Biochemical weapon used by the Klingon military, a nerve gas that is instantly lethal if used in pure form. Dr. McCoy prepared a diluted form of theragen mixed with alcohol to deaden certain nerve inputs to the brain in an effort to prevent madness in the Enterprise crew caused by exposure to spatial interphase in 2268. ("The Tholian Web" [TOS]).
	Trianoline	Pharmaceutical sometimes prescribed for percussive injuries. ("Caretaker" [VOY]).
	Trioxin	A drug used to treat a patient with damaged lungs or oxygen deficiency ("Year of Hell, Part 2" [VOY]).
	Tripamine	Biochemical substance. Tripamine can sometimes be detected as a residue in the cerebral cortex following a temporal shift. ("All Good Things..." [TNG]).
	Tryptophan	Medication. Dr. Katherine Pulaski prescribed tryptophan-lysine distillates for treatment of a flu virus. ("The Icarus Factor" [TNG]).
	Vasokin	Experimental drug that can increase blood flow to a humanoid patient's organs. In 22 percent of cases on record as of 2371, vasokin had the side effect of causing severe damage to the subject's lungs, kidneys, heart, and even brain. In 2371 it was used to prolong the life of Vedek Bareil so he could continue peace negotiations with the Cardassians. ("Life Support" [DS9]).
	Vertazine	Medication used by Federation medical personnel to combat vertigo. ("Cause and Effect" [TNG], "Parallels" [TNG]).
	Yridium Bicantizine	Active ingredient in Ketracel-White ("Statistical Probabilities" [DS9]).